We expect sales growth will be slow to moderate, and that cash flows will be steady with annual sales projected to equal £143,800, £223,180 and £248,748 for the years 2005 – 2007.
Once the company reaches a sufficient level of profitability and accumulates a cash reserve, it plans to invest 50% of profits in research and development of new products, existing product and operational improvements, and to expand marketing and sales efforts to foreign markets. 38% of profits will be invested in low risk financial instruments. 10% of profits will be used for employee bonuses. 1% of profits will be used to support non-profit organizations that support the health and welfare of women in the United States. The remaining 1% will be used to support non-profit organizations that promote the health and welfare of pets in the United States. These expenses will be itemized in the later years of the business plans.
In the event that the company does not earn a profit, additional funds will be sought to finance research and development (R&D) activities. 100% of funding obtained during break-even or loss periods will be used for R&D, while the investment in financial instruments, employee bonuses and charitable giving activities will be foregone.
The general assumptions for this plan are shown in the following table.
| General Assumptions | |||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Plan Month | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Current Interest Rate | 10.00% | 10.00% | 10.00% |
| Long-term Interest Rate | 10.00% | 10.00% | 10.00% |
| Tax Rate | 30.00% | 30.00% | 30.00% |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The following break-even analysis table and chart show that with average estimated monthly fixed cost of £7,325 and a 28% variable cost, the company needs to generate approximately £10,000 in sales to break even.
| Break-even Analysis | |
| Monthly Revenue Break-even | £9,438 |
| Assumptions: | |
| Average Percent Variable Cost | 28% |
| Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost | £6,839 |
We will operate at a profit beginning in the first year based on our worst case sales forecasts. Though we project that we will operate at a loss for the first six months, we will make up for the losses in the second half of 2005 to break even for the year. We also anticipate earning a profit in subsequent years. These projections are conservatively based on solid market research and initial responses from local pet care professionals.
| Pro Forma Profit and Loss | |||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Sales | £143,800 | £223,180 | £248,748 |
| Direct Cost of Sales | £39,600 | £67,145 | £72,607 |
| Other Costs of Goods | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Cost of Sales | £39,600 | £67,145 | £72,607 |
| Gross Margin | £104,200 | £156,035 | £176,141 |
| Gross Margin % | 72.46% | 69.91% | 70.81% |
| Expenses | |||
| Payroll | £39,225 | £70,000 | £80,000 |
| Sales and Marketing and Other Expenses | £5,000 | £5,000 | £5,000 |
| Depreciation | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Rent | £20,400 | £20,400 | £20,400 |
| Utilities | £2,400 | £2,400 | £2,400 |
| Insurance | £238 | £238 | £238 |
| Payroll Taxes | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Web site management | £6,400 | £12,000 | £15,000 |
| Business travel | £6,000 | £8,000 | £10,000 |
| Miscellaneous | £2,400 | £3,000 | £5,000 |
| Total Operating Expenses | £82,063 | £121,038 | £138,038 |
| Profit Before Interest and Taxes | £22,137 | £34,997 | £38,103 |
| EBITDA | £22,137 | £34,997 | £38,103 |
| Interest Expense | £4,461 | £3,506 | £2,510 |
| Taxes Incurred | £5,303 | £9,447 | £10,678 |
| Net Profit | £12,374 | £22,044 | £24,915 |
| Net Profit/Sales | 8.60% | 9.88% | 10.02% |
The cash flow table shows that cash flow for our worst case sales scenario (i.e., slow sales for the first three years) provides steady cash balance increases. Once the loan is fully repaid, the cash balance should provide a cushion for future expenses.
The cash flow chart shows monthly projections for 2005.
| Pro Forma Cash Flow | |||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Cash Received | |||
| Cash from Operations | |||
| Cash Sales | £35,950 | £55,795 | £62,187 |
| Cash from Receivables | £46,790 | £133,679 | £175,704 |
| Subtotal Cash from Operations | £82,740 | £189,474 | £237,891 |
| Additional Cash Received | |||
| Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| New Current Borrowing | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| New Other Liabilities (interest-free) | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| New Long-term Liabilities | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Sales of Other Current Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Sales of Long-term Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| New Investment Received | £75,000 | £0 | £0 |
| Subtotal Cash Received | £157,740 | £189,474 | £237,891 |
| Expenditures | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 |
| Expenditures from Operations | |||
| Cash Spending | £39,225 | £70,000 | £80,000 |
| Bill Payments | £78,089 | £155,278 | £145,235 |
| Subtotal Spent on Operations | £117,314 | £225,278 | £225,235 |
| Additional Cash Spent | |||
| Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing | £9,960 | £9,960 | £9,960 |
| Other Liabilities Principal Repayment | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Purchase Other Current Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Purchase Long-term Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Dividends | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Subtotal Cash Spent | £127,274 | £235,238 | £235,195 |
| Net Cash Flow | £30,466 | (£45,764) | £2,696 |
| Cash Balance | £70,466 | £24,702 | £27,398 |
Our projected balance sheet is shown in the following table. Monthly projections are shown in the appendix. The Balance Sheet, even with these conservative forecasts, shows a steadily increasing net worth.
| Pro Forma Balance Sheet | |||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Assets | |||
| Current Assets | |||
| Cash | £70,466 | £24,702 | £27,398 |
| Accounts Receivable | £61,060 | £94,766 | £105,623 |
| Inventory | £13,310 | £22,568 | £24,404 |
| Other Current Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Current Assets | £144,836 | £142,037 | £157,425 |
| Long-term Assets | |||
| Long-term Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Accumulated Depreciation | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Long-term Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Assets | £144,836 | £142,037 | £157,425 |
| Liabilities and Capital | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 |
| Current Liabilities | |||
| Accounts Payable | £26,422 | £11,539 | £11,973 |
| Current Borrowing | £40,040 | £30,080 | £20,120 |
| Other Current Liabilities | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Subtotal Current Liabilities | £66,462 | £41,619 | £32,093 |
| Long-term Liabilities | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Liabilities | £66,462 | £41,619 | £32,093 |
| Paid-in Capital | £97,200 | £97,200 | £97,200 |
| Retained Earnings | (£31,200) | (£18,826) | £3,217 |
| Earnings | £12,374 | £22,044 | £24,915 |
| Total Capital | £78,374 | £100,417 | £125,332 |
| Total Liabilities and Capital | £144,836 | £142,037 | £157,425 |
| Net Worth | £78,374 | £100,417 | £125,332 |
The following table outlines some of the more important ratios from the Pet Supplies industry. The final column, Industry Profile, details specific ratios based on the industry as it is classified by the Standard Industry Classification (SIC) code, 5999.1103.
Our asset ratios differ from the industry standard for two reasons:
| Ratio Analysis | ||||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Industry Profile | |
| Sales Growth | 0.00% | 55.20% | 11.46% | 1.08% |
| Percent of Total Assets | ||||
| Accounts Receivable | 42.16% | 66.72% | 67.09% | 22.01% |
| Inventory | 9.19% | 15.89% | 15.50% | 18.65% |
| Other Current Assets | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 36.34% |
| Total Current Assets | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 77.00% |
| Long-term Assets | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 23.00% |
| Total Assets | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Current Liabilities | 45.89% | 29.30% | 20.39% | 27.21% |
| Long-term Liabilities | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 18.98% |
| Total Liabilities | 45.89% | 29.30% | 20.39% | 46.19% |
| Net Worth | 54.11% | 70.70% | 79.61% | 53.81% |
| Percent of Sales | ||||
| Sales | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Gross Margin | 72.46% | 69.91% | 70.81% | 38.34% |
| Selling, General & Administrative Expenses | 49.91% | 49.23% | 49.60% | 15.66% |
| Advertising Expenses | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.52% |
| Profit Before Interest and Taxes | 15.39% | 15.68% | 15.32% | 3.70% |
| Main Ratios | ||||
| Current | 2.18 | 3.41 | 4.91 | 1.83 |
| Quick | 1.98 | 2.87 | 4.14 | 1.01 |
| Total Debt to Total Assets | 45.89% | 29.30% | 20.39% | 58.09% |
| Pre-tax Return on Net Worth | 22.55% | 31.36% | 28.40% | 3.95% |
| Pre-tax Return on Assets | 12.20% | 22.17% | 22.61% | 9.42% |
| Additional Ratios | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Net Profit Margin | 8.60% | 9.88% | 10.02% | n.a |
| Return on Equity | 15.79% | 21.95% | 19.88% | n.a |
| Activity Ratios | ||||
| Accounts Receivable Turnover | 1.77 | 1.77 | 1.77 | n.a |
| Collection Days | 50 | 170 | 196 | n.a |
| Inventory Turnover | 8.74 | 3.74 | 3.09 | n.a |
| Accounts Payable Turnover | 3.96 | 12.17 | 12.17 | n.a |
| Payment Days | 27 | 49 | 29 | n.a |
| Total Asset Turnover | 0.99 | 1.57 | 1.58 | n.a |
| Debt Ratios | ||||
| Debt to Net Worth | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.26 | n.a |
| Current Liab. to Liab. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | n.a |
| Liquidity Ratios | ||||
| Net Working Capital | £78,374 | £100,417 | £125,332 | n.a |
| Interest Coverage | 4.96 | 9.98 | 15.18 | n.a |
| Additional Ratios | ||||
| Assets to Sales | 1.01 | 0.64 | 0.63 | n.a |
| Current Debt/Total Assets | 46% | 29% | 20% | n.a |
| Acid Test | 1.06 | 0.59 | 0.85 | n.a |
| Sales/Net Worth | 1.83 | 2.22 | 1.98 | n.a |
| Dividend Payout | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | n.a |
| General Assumptions | |||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Plan Month | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Current Interest Rate | 10.00% | 10.00% | 10.00% |
| Long-term Interest Rate | 10.00% | 10.00% | 10.00% |
| Tax Rate | 30.00% | 30.00% | 30.00% |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Break-even Analysis | |
| Monthly Revenue Break-even | £9,438 |
| Assumptions: | |
| Average Percent Variable Cost | 28% |
| Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost | £6,839 |
| Pro Forma Profit and Loss | |||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Sales | £143,800 | £223,180 | £248,748 |
| Direct Cost of Sales | £39,600 | £67,145 | £72,607 |
| Other Costs of Goods | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Cost of Sales | £39,600 | £67,145 | £72,607 |
| Gross Margin | £104,200 | £156,035 | £176,141 |
| Gross Margin % | 72.46% | 69.91% | 70.81% |
| Expenses | |||
| Payroll | £39,225 | £70,000 | £80,000 |
| Sales and Marketing and Other Expenses | £5,000 | £5,000 | £5,000 |
| Depreciation | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Rent | £20,400 | £20,400 | £20,400 |
| Utilities | £2,400 | £2,400 | £2,400 |
| Insurance | £238 | £238 | £238 |
| Payroll Taxes | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Web site management | £6,400 | £12,000 | £15,000 |
| Business travel | £6,000 | £8,000 | £10,000 |
| Miscellaneous | £2,400 | £3,000 | £5,000 |
| Total Operating Expenses | £82,063 | £121,038 | £138,038 |
| Profit Before Interest and Taxes | £22,137 | £34,997 | £38,103 |
| EBITDA | £22,137 | £34,997 | £38,103 |
| Interest Expense | £4,461 | £3,506 | £2,510 |
| Taxes Incurred | £5,303 | £9,447 | £10,678 |
| Net Profit | £12,374 | £22,044 | £24,915 |
| Net Profit/Sales | 8.60% | 9.88% | 10.02% |
| Pro Forma Cash Flow | |||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Cash Received | |||
| Cash from Operations | |||
| Cash Sales | £35,950 | £55,795 | £62,187 |
| Cash from Receivables | £46,790 | £133,679 | £175,704 |
| Subtotal Cash from Operations | £82,740 | £189,474 | £237,891 |
| Additional Cash Received | |||
| Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| New Current Borrowing | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| New Other Liabilities (interest-free) | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| New Long-term Liabilities | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Sales of Other Current Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Sales of Long-term Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| New Investment Received | £75,000 | £0 | £0 |
| Subtotal Cash Received | £157,740 | £189,474 | £237,891 |
| Expenditures | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 |
| Expenditures from Operations | |||
| Cash Spending | £39,225 | £70,000 | £80,000 |
| Bill Payments | £78,089 | £155,278 | £145,235 |
| Subtotal Spent on Operations | £117,314 | £225,278 | £225,235 |
| Additional Cash Spent | |||
| Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing | £9,960 | £9,960 | £9,960 |
| Other Liabilities Principal Repayment | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Purchase Other Current Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Purchase Long-term Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Dividends | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Subtotal Cash Spent | £127,274 | £235,238 | £235,195 |
| Net Cash Flow | £30,466 | (£45,764) | £2,696 |
| Cash Balance | £70,466 | £24,702 | £27,398 |
| Pro Forma Balance Sheet | |||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Assets | |||
| Current Assets | |||
| Cash | £70,466 | £24,702 | £27,398 |
| Accounts Receivable | £61,060 | £94,766 | £105,623 |
| Inventory | £13,310 | £22,568 | £24,404 |
| Other Current Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Current Assets | £144,836 | £142,037 | £157,425 |
| Long-term Assets | |||
| Long-term Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Accumulated Depreciation | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Long-term Assets | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Assets | £144,836 | £142,037 | £157,425 |
| Liabilities and Capital | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 |
| Current Liabilities | |||
| Accounts Payable | £26,422 | £11,539 | £11,973 |
| Current Borrowing | £40,040 | £30,080 | £20,120 |
| Other Current Liabilities | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Subtotal Current Liabilities | £66,462 | £41,619 | £32,093 |
| Long-term Liabilities | £0 | £0 | £0 |
| Total Liabilities | £66,462 | £41,619 | £32,093 |
| Paid-in Capital | £97,200 | £97,200 | £97,200 |
| Retained Earnings | (£31,200) | (£18,826) | £3,217 |
| Earnings | £12,374 | £22,044 | £24,915 |
| Total Capital | £78,374 | £100,417 | £125,332 |
| Total Liabilities and Capital | £144,836 | £142,037 | £157,425 |
| Net Worth | £78,374 | £100,417 | £125,332 |
| Ratio Analysis | ||||
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Industry Profile | |
| Sales Growth | 0.00% | 55.20% | 11.46% | 1.08% |
| Percent of Total Assets | ||||
| Accounts Receivable | 42.16% | 66.72% | 67.09% | 22.01% |
| Inventory | 9.19% | 15.89% | 15.50% | 18.65% |
| Other Current Assets | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 36.34% |
| Total Current Assets | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 77.00% |
| Long-term Assets | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 23.00% |
| Total Assets | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Current Liabilities | 45.89% | 29.30% | 20.39% | 27.21% |
| Long-term Liabilities | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 18.98% |
| Total Liabilities | 45.89% | 29.30% | 20.39% | 46.19% |
| Net Worth | 54.11% | 70.70% | 79.61% | 53.81% |
| Percent of Sales | ||||
| Sales | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Gross Margin | 72.46% | 69.91% | 70.81% | 38.34% |
| Selling, General & Administrative Expenses | 49.91% | 49.23% | 49.60% | 15.66% |
| Advertising Expenses | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.52% |
| Profit Before Interest and Taxes | 15.39% | 15.68% | 15.32% | 3.70% |
| Main Ratios | ||||
| Current | 2.18 | 3.41 | 4.91 | 1.83 |
| Quick | 1.98 | 2.87 | 4.14 | 1.01 |
| Total Debt to Total Assets | 45.89% | 29.30% | 20.39% | 58.09% |
| Pre-tax Return on Net Worth | 22.55% | 31.36% | 28.40% | 3.95% |
| Pre-tax Return on Assets | 12.20% | 22.17% | 22.61% | 9.42% |
| Additional Ratios | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Net Profit Margin | 8.60% | 9.88% | 10.02% | n.a |
| Return on Equity | 15.79% | 21.95% | 19.88% | n.a |
| Activity Ratios | ||||
| Accounts Receivable Turnover | 1.77 | 1.77 | 1.77 | n.a |
| Collection Days | 50 | 170 | 196 | n.a |
| Inventory Turnover | 8.74 | 3.74 | 3.09 | n.a |
| Accounts Payable Turnover | 3.96 | 12.17 | 12.17 | n.a |
| Payment Days | 27 | 49 | 29 | n.a |
| Total Asset Turnover | 0.99 | 1.57 | 1.58 | n.a |
| Debt Ratios | ||||
| Debt to Net Worth | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.26 | n.a |
| Current Liab. to Liab. | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | n.a |
| Liquidity Ratios | ||||
| Net Working Capital | £78,374 | £100,417 | £125,332 | n.a |
| Interest Coverage | 4.96 | 9.98 | 15.18 | n.a |
| Additional Ratios | ||||
| Assets to Sales | 1.01 | 0.64 | 0.63 | n.a |
| Current Debt/Total Assets | 46% | 29% | 20% | n.a |
| Acid Test | 1.06 | 0.59 | 0.85 | n.a |
| Sales/Net Worth | 1.83 | 2.22 | 1.98 | n.a |
| Dividend Payout | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | n.a |